NeuroImage: Clinical

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Imaging (MRSI) offers spatially-resolved, neurometabolic information, acquired non-invasively at whole-brain scales from human subjects. Analysis of MRSI however, is extremely challenging. The metabolic information is highly convolved, and sparsely distributed across millions of spatial-spectral datapoints, allowing for little direct human interpretation. Conversely, the overall low signal-to-noise with high-intensity artifacts can confound unsupervised machine le...

Premature birth occurs during a phase of intense brain maturation, making white matter (WM) particularly vulnerable to injury. Beyond major lesions, subtle and widespread microstructural alterations also contribute to later neurodevelopmental impairments. We aimed to characterize the impact of key clinical risk factors on global and tract-specific WM microstructure at term-equivalent age (TEA), using 3T-diffusion-MRI data of 111 infants born before 33 weeks of gestation. We developed a lesion-ro...

BackgroundMRI plays an essential role in diagnosing and monitoring neurological diseases. Conventional protocols rely on multiple sequences to obtain complementary contrasts, increasing scan time, cost, and tolerability. Generating multiple contrasts from a single acquisition may streamline workflow while maintaining clinical utility. PurposeTrain attention-based convolutional neural networks (ACNNs) to generate clinical-quality FLAIR, MPRAGE, R2*, and derived contrasts from a single Gradient E...

Deep-learning based super-resolution has shown promise for enhancing the spatial resolution of brain magnetic resonance images, which may help visualize small anatomical structures more clearly. However, when only limited training data are available, it remains uncertain which model assessment method provides the most reliable estimate of out-of-sample performance. In this study, three widely used assessment strategies (three-way holdout, k-fold cross-validation, and nested cross-validation) wer...

IntroductionIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a partially reversible neurological disorder in which imaging biomarkers support diagnosis and surgical decision-making. The callosal angle (CA) is one of the most robust radiological markers of iNPH and has also been associated with postoperative shunt outcome. However, several manual measurement variants exist and artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools now enable automatic CA measurement. Materials and MethodsIn total 71 patient...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly sports- and recreational activity related mild TBI (mTBI), is common in young adults and can be followed by persistent attentional and executive complaints. This study investigated chronic ([≥]6 months post-injury) structural brain alterations in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) and their associations with self-reported inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, with a focus on sex-differentiated patterns. Structural brain properties in gr...

ObjectiveCognitive deficits are a leading cause of disability in schizophrenia and are linked to poor functional outcomes. There are no first line treatments for these deficits, and their neural basis is poorly understood. While schizophrenia is associated with widespread cognitive deficits, information processing speed is most profoundly impaired. Processing speed deficits have been associated with hyperconnectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN). We therefore tested if modulating DMN connec...

Background and ObjectivesWhite matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin are a neuroimaging hallmark of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). Their spatial heterogeneity may reflect different clinical phenotypes. Most prior studies relied on principal component analysis to characterise such heterogeneity, which has limited ability to stratify individuals into discrete and interpretable WMH subtypes. We therefore propose a data-driven framework to identify WMH spatial subtypes, ch...

BackgroundMotor threshold (MT) estimation is fundamental to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), guiding individualized stimulation intensity in research and therapy. Conventional methods such as the 5-out-of-10 rule require many stimuli, while adaptive approaches like Parameter Estimation by Sequential Testing (PEST) improve efficiency but can exhibit poor convergence under certain conditions. ObjectiveThis study introduces the Bayesian Uncertainty Dynamic Algorithm for Parameter Estimatio...

ImportancePrenatal cannabis exposure is increasing in prevalence, yet its associations with early brain development--particularly how the timing and frequency of exposure across gestation relate to neonatal brain structure--remain insufficiently understood. Clarifying these associations is essential for informing early risk identification and guiding perinatal care. ObjectiveTo examine associations between patterns of maternal prenatal cannabis exposure, including exposure presence, gestational...

INTRODUCTIONCognitive decline in Alzheimers disease (AD) may arise not only from neuronal loss but also from disrupted temporal coordination across distributed networks. Prior works in healthy individuals has shown memory-related modulation of hippocampal-cortical phase-amplitude coupling (PAC). We hypothesized alteration of resting-state hippocampo-cortical PAC in AD which relates to cognitive impairment. METHODSResting-state magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were obtained from 78 AD patients ...

PurposeNeonatal imaging is particularly challenging because newborns have a high likelihood of head motion, which can degrade image quality and complicate interpretation. Improving MRI brain image quality may help reduce diagnostic uncertainty and facilitate the nuanced assessment of early myelinating structures in the neonatal brain. Although deep learning reconstruction algorithms designed to improve MRI image quality have been evaluated in pediatric imaging, they have not been specifically st...

In-scanner head motion is a recognized source of bias in structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), yet it remains under-addressed in psychiatric neuroimaging where structural difference in patient populations are considered foundational. We examined motion-related bias in grey matter volume estimates across eight independent cohorts comprising 9,664 individuals, including 8,979 neurotypical controls (NC), 497 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), and 188 patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Mot...

Lesion network mapping (LNM) links focal brain lesions to distributed neural circuits by projecting lesion locations through a normative functional connectome. van den Heuvel and colleagues recently showed how commonly used LNM procedures generate maps that converge on nonspecific, low-dimensional properties of the connectome, introducing a bias. Consequently, many published maps of different conditions appear strikingly similar. Here, we offer an alternative approach that does highlight distinc...

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are characterized by altered brain structure, reflecting widespread dysconnectivity across brain-specific networks. However, the role of hierarchical organization on cortical morphometric networks in shaping clinical outcomes over the course of the disease remains unclear. Connectome-derived gradients have increasingly been used to investigate spatial transitions in brain organization. Here, we computed cortical and subcortical Morphometric INverse Divergen...

BackgroundDeep brain stimulation has emerged as an effective investigational treatment for select cases of severe Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. Defining the optimal stimulation sites within different targets and the specific tic improvement network across targets will be important to guide neuromodulation therapies. MethodsThis retrospective multi-center cohort study analyzed stimulation locations in patients who received bilateral deep brain stimulation for Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome acr...

Visual Snow Syndrome (VSS) is a neurological condition characterized by continuous visual disturbances resembling television static across the visual field. Despite its significant impact on quality of life, objective assessment methods remain limited, with diagnosis relying primarily on subjective patient reports. Current understanding of VSS pathophysiology suggests cortical hyperexcitability, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Here we developed an integrated protocol combining transcrania...

O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=189 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/26346796v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (49K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1303a7aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14f223forg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@51672eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@4d273a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG O_FLOATNOCentral IllustrationC_FLOATNO C_FIG HIGHLIGHTSO_LIAtrial fibrillation and depression are linked via central autonomic network disruption, cardiovascular risk, and inflammation. C_LIO_LIHeightened inflammato...

Clinical progression is strongly linked to grey matter atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS), detectable early on MRI and progressing non-randomly across the brain. However, the mechanisms driving its spatio-temporal progression and individual variability remain unclear. Using MRIs from 2,187 participants, alongside normative data, we systematically investigated network-based mechanisms underlying MS-related atrophy. Regional atrophy colocalised with functional cortical hubs, supporting the nodal s...

Executive dysfunction affects nearly 50% of individuals with traumatic brain injuries (TBI), yet interventions targeting the underlying neural mechanisms remain limited. This study examined whether aerobic exercise modulates functional connectivity to improve executive function in individuals with mild TBI and identified the neural pathways mediating these improvements. In this secondary analysis of a 12-week pilot randomized controlled trial, participants with mild TBI (n=24) were randomized to...